斑马鱼对水源特定污染物的水质监测预警

选取浑浊度、石油类、亚硝酸盐、苯、砷化物、锰等不同类型的环境污染物,研究了斑马鱼在不同污染物压力下行为强度变化规律,分析了不同条件下斑马鱼的活性及在线系统报警特征。结果表明:斑马鱼的行为生态学变化与环境污染物压力存在显著的相关性。在不同类型的环境污染物下,斑马鱼行为变化存在明显差异,对砷和锰等剧毒物质更加敏感;在高浓度环境污染物压力下,斑马鱼的行为生态学特征出现剧烈变化;随着暴露时间的增加,斑马鱼的行为生态学变化会逐渐降低。斑马鱼的行为强度变化可以快速评判水质污染程度,但应结合当地的水质特征设定具体的报警阈值。     

崇明岛小白鹭鸟卵中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征

鸟卵可用于环境质量的生物监测.从崇明岛东部若干林地采集小白鹭(Egretta garzetta)卵样品10个,用液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)测定了样品中10种常见有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)的含量,分析了其分布特征和来源.结果表明,除三辛基磷酸酯(TEHP)和三氯乙基磷酸酯(TCEP)外,其余8种OPFRs在小白鹭卵中均有检出,OPFRs的总含量为49.5～142.8 ng·g~(-1)(以湿重计,下同),均值为78.6 ng·g~(-1);其中,三丁基磷酸酯(TNBP)、三异丁基磷酸酯(TIBP)和三邻甲苯磷酸酯(TMPP)含量较为丰富,分别为(26.3±10.1)、(20.9±9.44)和(19.0±15.6) ng·g~(-1).不同鸟卵中OPFRs的赋存特征差异较大,主要受其环境含量水平、生物积累和放大能力及代谢能力的影响.崇明小白鹭卵样品中存在具有胚胎发育毒性的TMPP、三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TCIPP)、三丁氧基乙基磷酸酯(TBOEP)等,可能对其繁殖具有潜在影响,值得关注.     

全胚胎培养方法研究千里光碱对小鼠胚胎发育的影响

采用小鼠全胚胎培养模型,将8.5 d小鼠胚胎在含有千里光碱的即刻离心血清中培养48 h(千里光碱的终浓度分别为100、50、25和12.5 μg·mL-1),观察千里光碱对胚胎生长发育(卵黄囊直径、颅臀长、头长和体节数)和组织器官形态分化(卵黄囊循环、尿囊、翻转、心、脑、尾神经管、视听嗅系统、腮弓、颌突和肢芽)的影响....     

氯代酚和烷基酚类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育影响的研究

为研究氯代酚和烷基酚类化合物的毒性,采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,观察这两类化合物对不同发育阶段斑马鱼卵的影响.结果显示,在受精卵产出后立即染毒,胚胎对这些化合物最敏感的毒理学终点分别为: 五氯酚--48 h心律、色素和水肿的EC50值均为0.2 mg/L; 对-壬基酚--72 h孵化EC50为0.5 mg/L; 对-辛基酚--72 h畸形EC50为0.5 mg/L; 对-氯酚--48 h色素EC50为1.5 mg/L; 染毒时刻的不同对胚胎所造成的毒性效应也不同.几种氯代酚和烷基酚对发育24 h胚胎染毒,五氯酚毒性最大,对-辛基酚和对-壬基酚次之,对-氯酚毒性最小.研究表明,该类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育均有明显抑制作用,可以造成胚胎发育畸形甚至死亡,具有特定的最敏感毒理学终点.     

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis at 20 years

First reported in 1990, PGD has evolved into a complementary form of prenatal diagnosis offering novel indications. DNA for PGD can be recovered with equal safety and facility from polar bodies I and II, blastomere (8 cell embryo) and trophectoderm (5–6 day blastocyst). Diagnostic accuracy is very high (>99%) for both chromosomal abnormalities and single gene disorders. Traditional application of FISH with chromosome specific probes for detecting aneuploidy and translocations may be replaced or complemented by array comparative genome hybridization (array CGH); biopsied embryos can now be cryopreserved (vitrification) while analysis proceeds in orderly fashion. PGD has been accomplished for over 200 different single gene disorders. Novel indications for PGD not readily applicable by traditional prenatal genetic diagnosis include avoiding clinical pregnancy termination, performing preconceptional diagnosis (polar body I), obtaining prenatal diagnosis without disclosure of prenatal genotype (nondisclosure), diagnosing adult-onset disorders particularly cancer, and identifying HLA compatible embryos suitable for recovering umbilical cord blood stem cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zebrafish embryo toxicity of 15 chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated disinfection by-products

Disinfection to protect human health occurs at drinking water and wastewater facilities through application of non-selective oxidants including chlorine. Oxidants also transform organic material and form disinfection by-products (DBPs), many of which are halogenated and cyto- and genotoxic. Only a handful of assays have been used to compare DBP toxicity, and researchers are unsure which DBP(s) drive the increased cancer risk associated with drinking chlorinated water. The most extensive data set employs an in vitro model cell, Chinese hamster ovary cells. Traditionally, most DBP research focuses on the threat to human health, but the effects on aquatic species exposed to DBPs in wastewater effluents remain ill defined. We present the developmental toxicity for 15 DBPs and a chlorinated wastewater to a model aquatic vertebrate, zebrafish. Mono-halogenated DBPs followed the in vivo toxicity rank order: acetamides > acetic acids > acetonitriles ~ nitrosamines, which agrees well with previously published mammalian in vitro data. Di- and tri-halogenated acetonitriles were more toxic than their mono-halogenated analogues, and bromine- and iodine-substituted DBPs tended to be more toxic than chlorinated analogues. No zebrafish development effects were observed after exposure to undiluted or non-concentrated, chlorinated wastewater. We find zebrafish development to be a viable in vivo alternative or confirmatory assay to mammalian in vitro cell assays.     

基于斑马鱼胚胎毒性与非靶化学分析的典型工业园区废水处理效率研究

工业园区废水中污染物种类复杂、毒性大、去除难,在处理出水水质达标的情况下仍可能存在生态健康风险,因此,有效评估园区废水的处理效率具有重要意义.采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性实验和基于液相色谱-质谱的非靶标污染物筛查方法分析了两家典型工业园区污水处理厂的处理效率.研究结果表明,生物毒性检测和非靶标化学分析可从不同侧面解释废水中毒害污染物在水处理过程中的沿程变化情况,两者的研究结果相互支撑.两类分析方法都发现,生化处理工艺无法有效去除工业废水中斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性物质.高级氧化技术、吸附技术和膜生物反应器技术等可以进一步有效削减污染物丰度及毒性,市政污水的混入提升了工业废水中毒害污染物的去除率及生物毒性的削减率.本研究结果证实了斑马鱼胚胎毒性与非靶化学分析可用于确定工业废水处理的效率,对工业废水处理过程的设计和调控具有指导意义.     

应用斑马鱼和凡纳对虾诊断污染场地污水的生物毒性

应用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对某废弃有机污染场地中有毒有机废弃物堆积产生的污水(1号塘污水)和场地及周边地表径流积水(2号塘污水)的生物毒性进行了试验.结果表明,1号塘污水对斑马鱼和凡纳对虾96 hLC50分别为46.2%和59.6%, 2号塘污水的毒性试验中两种试验生物的死亡率皆为0.化学检测表明,1号塘污水中的主要污染物为苯酚类和酞酸脂类物质,而2号塘污水中均未检出有机污染物.化学检测结果与毒性试验结果具有较好的相关性.